Sheep and Goats

Scrapie is a fatal, degenerative disease that affects the brain, muscles, and central nervous system of sheep and goats. The disease is believed to be caused by an abnormal protein, known as a prion, which acts as the infectious and contagious agent. Scrapie is likely spread from mother to offspring and/or other herd/flock members through contact with afterbirth. Sheep or goats infected with the disease may exhibit behavioral changes due to damaged nerve cells. These signs progress until the animal dies. There is currently no cure or treatment for scrapie.

Minnesota is part of a nationwide program to eliminate scrapie across the United States. As part of the Scrapie Eradication Program, anyone who buys or sells sheep or goats in Minnesota is required to register with the Board. In addition, all sheep and goats must be officially identified when they leave the farm and before they are commingled with sheep or goats from other flocks or herds. Official identification is important because it makes it possible to trace a diseased or exposed animal to its flock of origin where disease control strategies can be implemented.

The Scrapie Eradication Program consists of the following components:

• Identification of infected sheep or goats through nationwide slaughter surveillance.
• Tracing of infected animals to their flock or herd of origin.
• Quarantine and testing of exposed animals sold from an infected or source flock or herd.
• Voluntary genetic testing of sheep to determine susceptibility to scrapie.

Producers may register their herd/flock by contacting the Board at (651) 201-6809 or by submitting the online form available by clicking on this link.

Official Identification

All sheep and goats, including wethers, must be officially identified upon movement from one flock/herd to another and before they are commingled with sheep and goats from other flocks and herds. Official tags are available to Minnesota producers after registering for the National Scrapie Eradication Program using this online form.

Please be aware, the USDA has made changes to the official identification guidelines. Review the USDA’s sheep and goat official identification web page or contact the USDA at 1-866-873-2824 for more information about obtaining official flock/herd ID tags and applicators.

Producers should never allow other producers to use their official flock/herd ID tags. Official flock/herd ID tags must only be applied to animals born into the flock/herd of the producer assigned the flock/herd ID shown on the ear tag. If an animal loses an ear tag, it can be replaced with an official ear tag assigned to the producer; as long as records indicate the animal’s origin. The lost ear tag number should be documented and associated with the new ear tag number in the producer’s records when possible. When the animal’s origin is unknown, producers should not use their assigned official flock/herd ID tags to replace the lost ID. For more information regarding lost ear tags, contact the Board at 651-201-6809.

Anyone who applies official identification that has been assigned to a producer must maintain the following records:

• Date the identification was applied.
• Number of sheep and goats identified.
• Identification numbers applied.
• Name and address of the flock of birth, if different from the current flock.

Anyone who applies official identification that is not assigned directly to the producer must maintain the following records:

• Date the identification was applied.
• Number of sheep and goats identified.
• Serial tag numbers applied.
• Name and address of the flock where the animal currently or most recently resided.

Record Requirements

All records pertaining to the movement of sheep and goats must be maintained for at least five years after the sale or disposition of the animal. Records must be available for inspection and copying at any reasonable time by an authorized agent of the Board.

Required records for persons who purchase, acquire, sell, or dispose of sheep or goats.

A person who purchases or acquires a sheep or goat must maintain records that include the following:

• Date of purchase or acquisition.
• Name and address of the person from whom the animals were purchased or acquired.
• Species, breed, and class of animal.
• Number of animals purchased or acquired.
• Certificate of veterinary inspection, if required.

A person who sells or disposes of a sheep or goat must maintain normal business records that include:

• Date of sale or disposition.
• Name and address of the buyer or person who acquired the animals.
• Species, breed, and class of animal.
• Number of animals sold or disposed of.
• Certificate of veterinary inspection, if required.
• The official identification number of any sheep or goat sold for breeding purposes.

Intrastate Movement (movement within Minnesota)

All sheep and goats, including wethers, must be officially identified upon movement from one flock/herd to another, and before they’re commingled with sheep and goats from other flocks and herds.

Persons who purchase/acquire a sheep or goat, or sell/dispose of a sheep or goat, must only do so if the animal is officially identified before it enters the new flock/herd unless the animal meets the definition of a restricted movement feeder animal, and is destined to an approved livestock market, slaughter establishment, or permitted terminal feedlot.

See the ‘Record Requirements’ section above, which applies to all persons who purchase, acquire, sell, or dispose of sheep or goats.

Interstate Movement

All sheep and goats, including wethers, must be officially identified upon movement from one flock/herd to another, and before they are commingled with sheep and goats from other flocks and herds.

Imports

All sheep and goats entering Minnesota must follow import regulations. Visit our Import Regulations webpage to learn more. InterstateLivestock.com can also be used to determine import regulations. Please also see the ‘Record Requirements’ section above, which applies to all persons who purchase/acquire sheep or goats.

Exports

All sheep and goats leaving Minnesota must follow import regulations for the state of destination. Contact your accredited veterinarian to learn what you need to do to export sheep or goats. InterstateLivestock.com can also be used by accredited veterinarians to determine import regulations for each destination state. Please also see the ‘Record Requirements’ section above which applies to all persons who sell/dispose of sheep or goats.

Owner/Hauler Statement (OHS)

The USDA’s Scrapie Final Rule, effective April 24, 2019, requires any sheep or goat (excluding wethers under 18 months) moving in slaughter channels, interstate commerce, or without official identification have an owner/hauler statement in transit when a Certificate of Veterinary Inspection (CVI) is not required.

When is an OHS required?

In each of the below situations, sheep or goats are required to move with a completed OHS that includes all federally required information. A copy of a required OHS must be provided to livestock auction markets, slaughter establishments, terminal feedlots, or any other premises of destination.

Movement within Minnesota

The following groups of sheep and goats are excluded from the requirement to move with an OHS:

• Wethers under 18 months.
• Animals that have never been in slaughter channels.
• Animals that have never been in interstate commerce.

Sheep and goats born on a Minnesota farm where they have resided only with other animals born into that flock/herd are considered to have never been in slaughter channels or interstate commerce. Therefore, these animals may move without an OHS to a state or state/federal approved livestock market without official identification if they are officially identified at the market before being commingled with sheep or goats from other flocks, and if all required information from the OHS is captured upon arrival at the market. The seller will be liable for any incurred charges associated with market personnel identifying the animals upon arrival.

An OHS is required for movement to the following Minnesota destinations, unless an exclusion above applies:

1. A state or state-federal approved livestock market.
2. A slaughter establishment.
3. A state-approved terminal feedlot.
4. An individual’s premises for personal slaughter.

Importation into Minnesota

Please see our ‘Import Regulations’ page for a complete set of requirements.

All sheep or goats (excluding wethers under 18 months) imported into the state must be accompanied by an OHS when a CVI is not required. A CVI can always be used in place of an OHS when an OHS is required.

Owner/hauler statement requirements

There is no required form. Please see the Owner/Hauler Statement Template as an option for sheep and goats entering Minnesota or moving within Minnesota. An OHS must contain:

• Name, address, and phone number of the owner and, if different, the hauler.
• Date the animals were moved.
• Flock identification number or PIN assigned to the flock or premises of the animals.
• If moving individually unidentified animals or other animals required to move with a group/lot identification number, the group/lot identification number and any information required to officially identify the animals.
• Number of animals.
• Species, breed, and class of animals. If breed is unknown, for sheep the face color and for goats the type (milk, fiber, or meat) must be recorded instead.
• The name and address of point of origin, if different from the owner’s address, and the destination name and address.
• For imported animals the destination must be a federally inspected slaughter establishment or a state/federal approved livestock market (where animals will be sold only to an authorized slaughter buyer or a state approved terminal feedlot). Must include a statement that the animals are in slaughter channels. Within Minnesota only, the destination must be a state or state/federal approved livestock market, a state approved terminal feedlot, a slaughter establishment, or an individual for personal consumption. For animals moving within Minnesota in slaughter channels, the OHS must include a statement that the animals are in slaughter channels.
• Signature of owner or hauler.

Genetic testing also referred to as DNA testing or genotyping can determine a sheep’s susceptibility to scrapie. Scrapie resistance is determined by gene factors called codons. The most important codons relating to scrapie resistance are the codons numbered 171 and 136.

A blood sample is all that is required to test for scrapie susceptibility. It should be noted that genotyping only indicates an animal’s susceptibility to the disease and not the presence or absence of the actual scrapie disease agent.

In general, codon 171 yields “Q” or “R” factors and codon 136 yields “A” or “V” factors. It is desired to breed with rams that have at least one “R” factor. Selecting and retaining rams with “RR” in their genetic code will have the most impact on developing a scrapie-resistant flock.

At this time, there are no approved official genetic tests for goats. The United States Department of Agriculture is currently conducting research in order to determine which codons affect scrapie susceptibility in goats.

Genotype testing is available through private veterinarians, or the test may be conducted by producers for management purposes. For further information regarding genotype testing, and for a list of approved laboratories, contact the Board at 651-201-6809.

The Scrapie Free Flock Certification Program (SFCP) is a voluntary program for sheep and goat producers to enhance the marketability of their animals by certifying their flock as scrapie-free. The SFCP monitors flocks through annual inspections and/or testing of animals depending on which enrollment option is chosen.

The longer a flock is enrolled and in compliance with program requirements, the greater the likelihood that the flock is scrapie-free. The United States Department of Agriculture registers flocks and maintains records.

For more information, including a list of enrolled flocks, approved ear tags, and program requirements and standards, visit the USDA Scrapie-Free Flock Certification Program web page.

To apply for the SFCP, contact Kelly Neisen at (651) 260-4570 or by email at kelly.j.neisen@aphis.usda.gov.

Ovine progressive pneumonia (OPP) and related caprine arthritis-encephalitis (CAE), collectively known as small ruminant lentiviruses or SRLVs (also called Maedi-Visna in other parts of the world) are slowly progressive viral diseases resulting in reduced profits. OPP affects nearly half of Minnesota sheep flocks and transmission between sheep and goats has been well documented. Common early signs are loss of body condition and labored breathing or coughing while at rest, as well as swollen joints and lameness. The viruses can also cause “hard bag,” an enlarged, firm udder with little or no milk flow. Infected animals remain so for life though many will never exhibit clinical signs of disease.

There is no vaccine or cure, and earlier eradication methods involved costly rigid culling of test-positive animals and/or orphan rearing of young stock. Minnesota recently completed a 4-year trial documenting
a less expensive eradication method. Click this link to learn more about the trial and review the OPP Eradication Trial Report.

In 2006, in partnership with USDA-APHIS Veterinary Services and the University of Minnesota Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, and the OPP Concerned Sheep Breeders Society, the Board of Animal Health introduced a voluntary OPP/CAE pilot program. Originally offered as an optional add-on to USDA’s voluntary Scrapie Flock Certification Program, this is now a stand-alone program and any flock or herd in Minnesota may enroll.

For information about the program, refer to the OPP/CAE Program Guidelines. To participate, complete the OPP/CAE Program Application and follow the instructions for submitting to the Board.

The following Minnesota flocks/herds are enrolled, complete testing requirements and follow program guidelines in an effort to achieve and maintain test-negative status:

OPP Program Flocks

Updated November 2024

In 2013 selected producers tested a new OPP eradication strategy based on USDA research findings. This was a collaborative effort with the  Minnesota Lamb and Wool Producers Association, the University of Minnesota Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, UDSA-APHIS Veterinary Services, the Board of Animal Health, the ‘Minnesota Grown’ Program, and the OPP Concerned Sheep Breeders Society.

The trial ended in late 2017 and four producers participated for the entire four-year trial. Two of the four have now received two consecutive annual 100-percent negative tests and one flock has doubled in size since the start of the trial. Methods used in the trial do not require premature culling of test-positive adults or orphan rearing of lambs and can be applied in any flock/herd. Click this link to review the OPP Eradication Trial Report on the OPP Society website.

High nitrate concentrations in water can harm livestock and domestic animals. Horses and ruminants like cattle, sheep, and goats are most susceptible to nitrates. Bacteria in their digestive systems reduce nitrate to nitrite, and the elevated nitrite levels in the blood can interfere with hemoglobin’s ability to carry oxygen through the body. Symptoms of nitrate poisoning include labored breathing, a blue muzzle, trembling, lack of coordination, and an inability to stand. The effects can be reversed if nitrates are removed from the animals’ diet. Review the Board’s “Guidance on nitrates in livestock water supply” document for information on how to interpret nitrate test levels and take appropriate action.

New World Screwworm is a parasitic fly whose larvae (maggots) burrow into the host’s living tissue. This differs from other species of fly whose maggots feed on dead tissue. NWS is endemic in Cuba, Haiti, the Dominican Republic, and countries in South America. In early 2025 cases began spreading northward through Mexico. It spreads most quickly through infected animals carrying either flies or larvae, especially animals traveling from affected regions. NWS can affect all warm-blooded animals and most cases are in cattle, sheep and goats. NWS larvae are transmitted when a female fly lays eggs on an open wound. Some common wound examples include insect bites, animal husbandry wounds, wire cuts, and other injuries. The NWS flies also target the navel of newborn animals. NWS infested wounds often attract other female screwworms and many infestations on a single wound are possible.